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Existence of Two Limit Cycles in Zeeman’s Class 30 for 3D Lotka-Volterra Competitive System

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  • Mathematics and Science College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China

Received date: 2022-04-22

  Revised date: 2022-09-16

  Online published: 2023-12-16

Abstract

Gyllenberg and Yan (Discrete Contin Dyn Syst Ser B 11(2): 347–352, 2009) presented a system in Zeeman’s class 30 of 3-dimensional Lotka-Volterra (3D LV) competitive systems to admit at least two limit cycles, one of which is generated by the Hopf bifurcation and the other is obtained by the Poincaré-Bendixson theorem. Yu et al. (J Math Anal Appl 436: 521–555, 2016, Sect. 3.4) recalculated the first Liapunov coefficient of Gyllenberg and Yan’s system to be positive, rather than negative as in Gyllenberg and Yan (2009), and pointed out that the Poincaré-Bendixson theorem is not applicable for that system. Jiang et al. (J Differ Equ 284: 183–218, 2021, p. 213) proposed an open question: “whether Zeeman’s class 30 can be rigorously proved to admit at least two limit cycles by the Hopf theorem and the Poincaré-Bendixson theorem?” This paper provides four systems in Zeeman’s class 30 to admit at least two limit cycles by the Hopf theorem and the Poincaré-Bendixson theorem and gives an answer to the above question.

Cite this article

Yaoqi Li . Existence of Two Limit Cycles in Zeeman’s Class 30 for 3D Lotka-Volterra Competitive System[J]. Communications on Applied Mathematics and Computation, 2023 , 5(4) : 1584 -1590 . DOI: 10.1007/s42967-022-00220-2

References

1. Andronov, A., Leontovich, E., Gordon, I., Maier, A.: Theory of Bifurcations of Dynamic Systems on a Plane. Wiley, New York (1973)
2. Gyllenberg, M., Yan, P.: On the number of limit cycles for three dimensional Lotka-Volterra systems. Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. B 11(2), 347-352 (2009)
3. Jiang, J., Liang, F., Wu, W., Huang, S.: On the first Liapunov coefficient formula of 3D Lotka-Volterra equations with applications to multiplicity of limit cycles. J. Differ. Equ. 284, 183-218 (2021)
4. Yu, P., Han, M., Xiao, D.: Four small limit cycles around a Hopf singular point in 3-dimensional competitive Lotka-Volterra systems. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 436, 521-555 (2016)
5. Zeeman, M.: Hopf bifurcations in competitive three-dimensional Lotka-Volterra systems. Dyn. Stab. Syst. 8, 189-217 (1993)
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