A Boot-Strapping Technique to Design Unconditionally Positive Dense Output Formulae for Modified Patankar-Runge-Kutta Methods

doi:10.1007/s42967-025-00480-8

Communications on Applied Mathematics and Computation ›› 2026, Vol. 8 ›› Issue (3): 868-892.doi: 10.1007/s42967-025-00480-8

A Boot-Strapping Technique to Design Unconditionally Positive Dense Output Formulae for Modified Patankar-Runge-Kutta Methods

Thomas Izgin

Institute of Mathematics, University of Kassel, Kassel, 34132, Hessen, Germany

收稿日期:2024-06-24 修回日期:2024-12-19 出版日期:2026-06-20 发布日期:2026-05-29
通讯作者: Thomas Izgin, Email: izgin@mathematik.uni-kassel.de E-mail:izgin@mathematik.uni-kassel.de
基金资助:
Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.

A Boot-Strapping Technique to Design Unconditionally Positive Dense Output Formulae for Modified Patankar-Runge-Kutta Methods

Thomas Izgin

Institute of Mathematics, University of Kassel, Kassel, 34132, Hessen, Germany

Received:2024-06-24 Revised:2024-12-19 Online:2026-06-20 Published:2026-05-29
Contact: Thomas Izgin, Email: izgin@mathematik.uni-kassel.de E-mail:izgin@mathematik.uni-kassel.de
Supported by:
This research is supported by Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation, China (No. 2023A1515011504).

摘要/Abstract

摘要： In this work, modified Patankar-Runge-Kutta (MPRK) schemes up to order four are considered and equipped with a dense output formula of appropriate accuracy. Since these time integrators are conservative and positivity-preserving for any time step size, we impose the same requirements on the corresponding dense output formula. In particular, we discover that there is an explicit first-order formula. However, to develop a boot-strapping technique, we propose to use implicit formulae which naturally fit into the framework of MPRK schemes. In particular, if lower-order MPRK schemes are used to construct methods of higher order, the same can be done with the dense output formulae we propose in this work. We explicitly construct formulae up to order three and demonstrate how to generalize this approach as long as the underlying Runge-Kutta method possesses a dense output formula of appropriate accuracy. We also note that even though linear systems have to be solved to compute an approximation for intermediate points in time using these higher-order dense output formulae, the overall computational effort to reach a given number of approximations is reduced compared to using the scheme with a smaller step size. We support this fact and our theoretical findings by means of numerical experiments.

关键词: Dense output formulae, Boot-strapping process, Modified Patankar-Runge-Kutta (MPRK) schemes, Unconditional positivity, Conservativity

Abstract: In this work, modified Patankar-Runge-Kutta (MPRK) schemes up to order four are considered and equipped with a dense output formula of appropriate accuracy. Since these time integrators are conservative and positivity-preserving for any time step size, we impose the same requirements on the corresponding dense output formula. In particular, we discover that there is an explicit first-order formula. However, to develop a boot-strapping technique, we propose to use implicit formulae which naturally fit into the framework of MPRK schemes. In particular, if lower-order MPRK schemes are used to construct methods of higher order, the same can be done with the dense output formulae we propose in this work. We explicitly construct formulae up to order three and demonstrate how to generalize this approach as long as the underlying Runge-Kutta method possesses a dense output formula of appropriate accuracy. We also note that even though linear systems have to be solved to compute an approximation for intermediate points in time using these higher-order dense output formulae, the overall computational effort to reach a given number of approximations is reduced compared to using the scheme with a smaller step size. We support this fact and our theoretical findings by means of numerical experiments.

Key words: Dense output formulae, Boot-strapping process, Modified Patankar-Runge-Kutta (MPRK) schemes, Unconditional positivity, Conservativity

中图分类号:

65L05
65L20

Thomas Izgin. A Boot-Strapping Technique to Design Unconditionally Positive Dense Output Formulae for Modified Patankar-Runge-Kutta Methods[J]. Communications on Applied Mathematics and Computation, 2026, 8(3): 868-892.

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A Boot-Strapping Technique to Design Unconditionally Positive Dense Output Formulae for Modified Patankar-Runge-Kutta Methods

A Boot-Strapping Technique to Design Unconditionally Positive Dense Output Formulae for Modified Patankar-Runge-Kutta Methods

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